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International Business Law and Its Environment

The question "What is International Law?" may foster a varied array of interpreted suggestion for those not familiar with the concept. August (2004), defines International Law as the body of law that includes rules, regulations, accepted practices, and norms regulating the rights and duties of states, international organizations, and individuals beyond their legal boundaries. This means that International Law covers many aspects of a nation's daily practices such as the law of the seas, environment, human rights, labor rights, border disputes, and a host of other rules and regulations regarding the national interest among nations. There has been some gross misinformation about the organization such as the United Nations (UN) that is the hub of most of the other non-government-organizations (NGO). The UN is not an entity that has an armed military force to defend countries or invade them. The purpose of the organization as a whole is to structure the united effort of many nations to resolve conflict (not in the military sense), assist humanity, and keep the peace among other things. The organization is un-biased and operates as a neutral party in the interest of all of its member nations. International Law is the standards by which each of these nations is held to uphold as a member.

Strengths

International Law applies to obligatory relationships between nations in respect to treaties and conventions based on the members acknowledging the fundamental rules that bind them. International Law also trumps Municipal Law and International Tribunals meaning that a law that is made that violates International Law is a breach of the aforementioned agreements of nations abiding by the conventions. An example of this was the execution of Saddam Hussein. He was tried under municipal law in Iraq for violations committed with that nation with ICJ oversight. He was given counsel, granted the ability to produce witnesses in his defense. In this case municipal law did not conflict with International Law in that war-crimes have a severe penalty under both codes of law.

Another benefit that International law offers is a hierarchical structure that allows the referencing of cases based on existing treaties, and agreements along with customs between states. Also, the customs and associated practices of civility and the general principles of law offer more flexibility than that of a civil codified law for parties to resolve issues. The use of bilateral agreements between nations, arbitration, and sanctions are also benefits at the disposal of nations in respect to using international law.

Weaknesses

International Law does have some stark limitations when it comes to full uniformity under the Doctrine of Incorporation which applies international law differently according to the avoidance of conflict of municipal laws. There are certain instances when nations do not honor or acknowledge certain laws and International conventions or treaties. When this occurs, conflicts may occur between states in the forms of sanctions, disputes filed in the ICJ or through the vehicle of war.

On August 8, 2008 Russian troops were on the offensive to occupy the Southern regions of Ossetia and Abkhaz in the country of Georgia. The dispute came about because Russia failed to comply with and uphold the 1992 Treaty of the Settlement of Georgia along with the later ratification of The Cease Fire and Separation of Forces Agreement of 1994 (ICJ 2008). This breach caused Georgia to sue Russia due to these agreements and the ICJ ruled in Georgia's favor due to Russia's spotted history of violating the previous treaties. Article 22 of the convention allowed the International Court of Justice to resolve the case with reference to getting Russia to comply with its obligation. In an effort to avoid destabilizing the region and experiencing possible sanctions from other members of the international community, Russia withdrew its forces. Russia's intent was much like that of the Germans in World War II, to displace the Georgian population within the region and annex the land. Article 5 of the convention allowed the return of displaced persons to return home safely. Also the refugees were allowed to reclaim their property after the crisis and be compensated for damages and losses according to Article 2 paragraph (c) of the (CERD) agreement.

Other abuses of international law have occurred as in the case of the Columbian government's use of the International Red Cross (ICRC) emblem during armed conflict. The commercial use of the emblem in many nations may jeopardize the primary purpose to protect non-combatants and wounded in battle. The misuse of it on aircraft and personnel for military purposes are prohibited under international law. The ICRC finds it a challenge to monitor and enforce the treaty that upholds this agreement without exposing the organization, doctors and nurses as unknowing and unwilling participants of conflict. (Slim 1989)

The Impact of International Law in the Global Business Environment

International Human Rights and Labor Laws established under International Law impact the fundamental policy structure for human resource hiring practices, employee rights, and the obligations of employers to their employees regarding safety and environmental standards. Of course the level of the enforcement of these laws remains an issue in respect to nations such as China and many others. The challenge is developing domestic policies that comply with these international standards. What may be considered acceptable in Germany may be considered elaborate in Sudan or the Republic of Vietnam for instance. Nations may use sanctions as a means to show disdain or objection to these violations. Other nations may decide to dismiss companies and its subsidiaries from their shores due to human rights violations.

Businesses that are functioning within various global markets must also comply with the existing municipal laws of the city, region, territory, state, and or nation in order to operate. Some nations may skirt all of the laws in exchange for more jobs being created with the region. This means that poorer nations that have yet to develop sustainable economies may opt to turn a blind-eye to infractions pertaining to employee abuses, or disposing of environmental waste in ways that could impact the civilian population. The difficulty that many of these nations have is the imbalance in leverage to make serious demands of these larger multinational corporations. In some cases, the corporations make more profits per year than the nation has in the national treasury.

Ethical practices play a major role in how the organization will be received and treated in many parts of the world and therefore a misdeed in one nation may haunt it when attempting to expand into other markets around the world. The recent British Petroleum (BP) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is a good example. Depending on how BP manages this crisis can determine how nations in the future will view their role as a responsible global corporate partner. Legal policy decisions must include both International Law and Municipal Law to much like that of the Doctrine of Incorporation (the obligation for compliance) while retaining distinct company policies for effective and efficient operation. International Intellectual Property Law IPR) requires companies to apply security procedures to secure proprietary information and ensure compliance based on the renewal of copyright and patents within the laws and time-frames of each nation based on its requirements. International Humanitarian Law would have to shape policy in respect to protecting assets and personnel. This would mean contingency plans for evacuation policies in the event the government did not honor the fundamental rights outlined in the Geneva Convention.

by James L. Adams ©2010

James Adams is a seasoned professional with over twenty years of industry experience in the areas of Information Technology, Broadcast Media, International Business, Marketing, Public Relations, and Entertainment combined.

James has several years of personal experience as a personal match-maker and informal relationship adviser with a successful track-record. In his twenty plus years in the aforementioned fields, he has mastered the realm of social networking by engaging in topics, and subject matter after extensive research.

International Rating

The International Monetary Fund in its latest economic report April 21 forecast Taiwan's gross domestic product will expand 6.5 percent in 2010 and 4.8 percent in 2011, against a contraction of 1.9 percent in 2009. According to the IMF's "World Economic Outlook," Taiwan is expected to top Asia's three other tiger economies in the pace of recovery.

World Economic Forum (WEF) has just released its 2009 Global Competitiveness Index Report on September 8. Among the 133 economies featured in the report, Taiwan is up 5 positions to the world's 12th -a highest ranking over the recent four years. This year, Taiwan has surpassed Korea to the 4th position in Asia, behind Singapore, Japan, and Hong Kong. Among all the criteria, innovation is one of Taiwan's greatest strengths. This is due to the fact that Taiwan has a solid and comprehensive development in all industries. With a lot of excellent scientists and engineers, and having lots of patent rights, Taiwan is very competitive in this regard. In addition, a close tie between the industry and the academia, an appropriate management of the international logistics and enterprises' emphasis on R&D also account for the sharp competitive edge of Taiwan.

According to Business Environment Risk Intelligence's (BERI) 2010 Risk Assessment on Business Environment, first released in May, Taiwan ranked fourth lowest risk country for investment on business risk assessment for 50 countries around the world rose one notch from its previous rating in December 2009. The BERI report gave Taiwan's business environment a second-best "1B" rating, meaning Taiwan is suitable for investment. Among the three major indexes used by BERI to measure a country's business environment or profit opportunity, Taiwan received its best score of 84 points in the remittance and repatriation index, ranking third in the global rating and second among Asian countries. As Taiwan will sign an economic cooperation framework agreement (ECFA) with China in the near future, the BERI report forecast that Taiwan's 2011 ranking in the political risk index, which comprises external cause, dependence on a hostile major power, negative influence of regional political forces and other factors, will improve from this year's 13th to 12th. In terms of the operations risk index, Taiwan received a score of 67, up one point from the previous rating. Taiwan ranked fifth among the 50 countries assessed in terms of this index, which comprises policy continuity, attitude toward foreign investors, labor cost and productivity, short-term credit, professional services, venture capital and other factors.

According to 2010 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook, Taiwan has made a dramatic rebound in rankings, jumping to eighth from 23rd in 2009. Taiwan's jump was also the largest recorded among the 58 economies covered in the 2010 IMD rankings. Taiwan's jump in the IMD competitiveness ranking can primarily be attributed to progress in business efficiency and government efficiency. The competitiveness of Taiwan's business sector moved up from 22nd a year ago to third, and government efficiency rose from 18th to sixth, both of which are the best ratings Taiwan has ever received. Moreover, Taiwan's business efficiency got a score of 77.63, only two points lower than the scores of Singapore and Hong Kong. Over time, Taiwan's economic constitution will improve and our competitiveness will be brought to a higher level.

Amid the trend of globalization, many of the world's economies are making efforts to attract foreign investment. The World Bank's Ease of Doing Business index has thus become important reference for both investors who seek international ventures and governments. According to the latest Ease Doing Business 2010 report released on September 9, 2009, Taiwan moves up 15 places from last year to 46th (out of 183) this year-the world's 5th most improved economy. Taiwan gets higher rankings in Starting a Business (11th), Closing a Business (29th), Registering Property (30th), and Trading Across Borders (33rd). It is noteworthy that on Starting a Business, Taiwan makes big progress from 119th position last year to 29th this year, showing that the government's efforts in this area have gained recognition.

Business Environment in Monterrey

Monterrey is recognized worldwide because of its strong industrial sector, quality international education systems, strategic geographic location for international commerce, great environment for business development, and high quality of living and health standards. These factors have given Monterrey a competitive edge for national and international institutions.

Since Monterrey’s foundation in 1596, its inhabitants have had to learn how to adapt to and overcome the cities extreme weather and difficult geography in order to improve trade with the northern and southern parts of Mexico.

Monterrey’s industrialization process was accelerated in 1890 with the establishment of one of the most important companies in the city, Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma, an important Mexican brewery; followed by the company Fundidora de Fierro y Acero (steel foundry) in 1900. During that period, those companies represented an important source of work for thousands of people and they supported the creation of new industries. For example, Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma, in the need of satisfying its own requirements, founded Vidriera Monterrey (glass), Fábricas Monterrey (cans), Empaques de Cartón Titan (boxes), Grafo Regia (packing), among many others that nowadays holds the grupo FEMSA.

www.femsa.com

Today Nuevo León is the state with the second biggest FDI in Mexico. Monterrey and its metropolitan area play a key role; it contributes 7.5% of the country’s GDP, with a per capita income of 15,975 USD and it produces 10.9% of the country’s manufactured goods. Nuevo León’s main commercial partners include United States, Germany, Canada, France, United Kingdom and Japan.

With more than 60 Industrial Parks in Monterrey and its metropolitan area, the city is home to important companies. Some of the most important national industrial groups are: ALFA, CEMEX, DEACERO, FEMSA, TERNIUM MEXICO, GIMSA, PROEZA, GRUPO QUIMMCO, VILLACERO, VITRO, GRUPO FRISA and XIGNUX. Some of the international groups are: BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO, JOHNSON & JOHNSON, AT&T, CATERPILLAR, GE, Y WHIRLPOOL, LG, JOHN DERE, TAKATA, IBM, BRIDGESTONE, VISTEON, etc.

Monterrey conserves a solid economy based on manufacture and Industry. In recent years, Monterrey has taken large steps toward an economy based on knowledge and services. With this in mind, important projects have been undertaken to prompt new development areas related to research, information technologies, aerospace industry, medicine and tourism in the city.

International week for MBA students from EADA business school: “Doing business in Russia” program

The Graduate School of Management St. Petersburg State University welcomed MBA students from EADA business school who came to St. Petersburg within the bounds of “Doing business in Russia” program. During a week (from 22 till 26 March 2010) 24 companies’ managers from Barcelona were studying the particularities of business development in Russia.

The program included the following lectures: “The business environment. Global Economy Impact &Russia”, “Cross-cultural Management”, “Opportunities and Threats to Enter into Russian Industries and Markets” and “Ethics and business. Business and society in modern Russia”.

Also, the students visited the following companies: Nokian Tyres, Lenta, Slotex.  The top-managers of successfully developing enterprises shared the practical experience of doing business in Russia and conducted the tours around the companies’ operations departments.

The program was highly evaluated by participants and positive feedback was received:

“Content was very interesting and insightful. It broke my stereotypes in perception of Russia”.

“The program was very well structured – the lectures’ content nicely spilled over the company visits”.

“Highly professional professors and excellent organization – you opened my eyes on the opportunities of doing business in Russia and St. Petersburg”.

Global business must be experienced to be understood

The International Master of Business Administration (IMBA) program at the Darla Moore School of Business offers a uniquely designed, cutting-edge graduate international business education that prepares students for today’s global environment.

Unlike many schools where international implications often are discussed only at the end of the semester, global issues and experience permeate the business core classes in the International MBA program. The program is designed to expose students to international business issues from the first day of class.

Students entering the IMBA program select the Language Track option, which emphasizes learning the language and culture of a region of the world, or the Global Track, which focuses on the political, economic, and business factors affecting a region of the world.  Regardless of the option chosen, all students will pursue the same common core of course work. The core courses emphasize the global aspects of the various functional areas, consistent with the program’s mission to provide students with expertise in the international dimensions of business.

International Business Communication

International Business Communication (IBC) courses and programs focus on communication in multinational business environments. They give you an insight into the aims, strategies, theories and models of corporate and business communication.

IBC can be studied as a major in the IBC Master’s Program, or as a minor in any of the HSE Bachelor’s or Master’s Programs.

The IBC Doctoral Program is for those interested in research work in the fields of business and corporate communication.

Terry McCoy

A specialist on the political economy of Latin America, McCoy has taught, conducted research and consulted throughout the hemisphere. He was a Fulbright Scholar in Chile. The author of numerous scholarly publications, he is also a frequent contributor of commentary on Latin American events to the Christian Science Monitor, Wall Street Journal, Orlando Sentinel and other newspapers. His current research focuses on the Latin American business environment and regional integration. He publishes the annual Latin American Business Environment Report and a report on the status of regional trade talks and their implications for Florida. Other recent publications include studies on the impact of economic globalization on the Caribbean, the prospects for continued economic reform in Latin America, the effects of reform on Latin American sweetener markets, and the significance of the war on terrorism for the Americas. McCoy has participated in five Americas Business Forums as a member of Team Florida. From 1985-1996, he served as Director of the Center for Latin American Studies.

Ruihai International Business Hotel

Ruihai International Business Hotel is a 4 star business hotel locates in the flourishing city of Beijing, which is with good location and environment. It is newly opened and its facilities are really good. There are 255 well decorated and modernized designed guest rooms . It is free for the guests to enjoy high speed internet access, Chinese and English newspapers, 2 bottles of mineral water, etc. All the guest rooms are equipped with IDD/DDD, satellite TV, makeup mirror and bathtub or ... more

Global Business and Organizational Excellence Magazine Subscription

Global Business Organizational Excellence provides information that organizations around the world use to excel along with the implications of this information for an international business environment.

International Business

For introductory International Business courses with the need for a brief, accessible text.

A comprehensive yet concise framework with unrivaled clarity.

International Business: The Challenges of Globalization presents international business in a comprehensive yet concise framework with unrivaled clarity. Recent, real-world examples and engaging features brings the material to life for students.

Strategy and the Multinational Enterprise

International Business: Strategy and the Multinational Enterprise
500 pages | Routledge (July 10, 2009) | ISBN: 0415800579 | PDF | 10.5 MB

A new international business text for a new and ever changing global environment. With a unique chapter covering International E-Commerce, Cullen is written in a unique way.

Issues link the chapters. The logic is that to choose and implement strategies in international business, you need to understand the global, institutional, and cultural environment. In turn, you need to align functional strategies to support the more general multinational strategies. From the student’s point of view, the approach is designed to answer the questions of why do I really need to know all of this stuff?

International Business Environment

Business and society: Two Asian Studies; International Business Fragmentation Versus Globalisation; India Economy: Towards Liberalisation and Open Market; Business and public Policy: Study of two High-Profit Industries; Business Environment in Japan: Basic Industries Policies; Business Environment in China: Reforms of the 1980s; Industrial Reforms and North-South Economic Relations; Business Environment and Trade Potential in Europe and Case Study in Global Business Environment: the EEC etc. are the topics, scientifically analysed in the present book. This will certainly prove vade mecum to researchers and academics besides, businessmen, administrators and management professionals.
Publisher: Anmol Publications
Author: S D Sharma
ISBN:
8174888985
No. of Pages: 240
Deliverable Countries: This product ships to India, Sri Lanka.

Registration Information for Online Courses

The CIS eLearning Consortium (ELC), is pleased to be offering online courses for students. The CIS eLearning Consortium is a unique cooperative not-for-profit organization that provides exemplary online curriculum for the benefit of students in member CIS schools. The CIS eLearning Consortium's mission is to provide exemplary online courses that offer best practices in online instruction and 21st Century skills, with a high level of student monitoring and support. ELC courses are open to students from any of the 16 Consortium schools who are approved by their Site Administrator and Student Services.

These online courses run from September to May with a final assessment in June. Course teachers, who are experts in developing and teaching online courses, come from member Conference of Independent schools. An online Site Administrator communicates regularly with the online teachers and students to support student success, monitor progress, and report student grades. They are the student's resource if they have any problems with their online course.

Student Information

Why Take an Online Course?

    * You can participate in exciting and creative online courses that may not otherwise be offered by the school.
    * You can experience online education in preparation for University and the workplace where online education and training are prevalent.
    * Online learning provides flexibility of time and place as course material can be covered at various times during the day and at school or at home.
    * You have the opportunity to collaborate with students from other independent schools to develop and expand your critical thinking skills and work in a virtual classroom environment.
    * You will experience and use computer technologies, such as online discussion, multimedia, and Web 2.0 tools, that enhance learning and develop your intellectual capacities.
    * You may find that learning online with technology suits your learning style.


Who Can Take an Online Course?

Any student from a Consortium school who has access to a computer and high speed Internet, either at school or at home, and has been approved by their Site Administrator and Guidance Counsellor can take an online course.

What Skills Do I Need to Take an Online Course?

The following are some of the skills that will be helpful in being successful in an online course:

    * I enjoy working at the computer.
    * I have the time and am interested in taking an online course. I have good reading and writing skills.
    * I can organize my work and can get my assignments in on time.
    * I like working independently and solving problems.
    * I enjoy collaborating online with other students.
    * I like to take responsibility for my work.


What Online Courses Can I Take?

The following 22 courses are available for Registration for September 2010.

Grade 10

Civics/Career Studies CHV20e/GLC20e

Grade 11

Astronomy SAT3Le
Communications Technology TGJ3Me
Computer & Information Science ICS3Ue
Environmental Science SVN3Me
Introduction to Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology HSP3Me
The Individual and the Economy CIE3Me
Mandarin (Introductory) LKMADe
World Religions HRT3Me

Grade 12

AP Mandarin Language and Culture Exam Preparation (non credit) APMLANGe
AP Spanish Language Exam Preparation (non credit) APSPLANGe
Business Leadership: Management Fundamentals BOH4Me
Canadian and World Politics CPW4Ue
Challenge and Change in Society HSB4Me
Classical Civilization LVV4Ue
Computer & Information Science ICS4Ue
Data Management MDM4Ue
Analyzing Current Economic Issues CIA4Ue
Environment and Resource Management CGR4Me
Financial Securities (Interdisciplinary Course) IDC4Ue
International Business Fundamentals BBB4Me
Writer's Craft EWC4Ue

Marketplace competitions

Let your students step outside the classroom and enter the international world of business. It will be the experience they will remember for a long time to go.

Marketplace competitions create a simulated international business environment where your students can compete against their peers from other schools in the U.S. or across the globe.

Business Major Advising

“Today, companies are doing business anywhere and everywhere and in real time...For today’s graduates, it is more important than ever that they get a global education...it is crucial for our students to gain a global perspective...employers that we talk to want the students to have that perspective.”

- "Comments from the Dean," written by William C. Hunter, Dean of the Henry B. Tippie College of Business, and published in Business at Iowa, Winter 2007-2008

As the business environment becomes increasingly global, study abroad is an excellent way to add perspective to your business education. Currently, both customers and businesses are expanding into a global and international environment, and there is much to be gained from understanding how different cultural values, political and legal systems, and economic conditions shape a country’s economy and financial decisions, affect market entry strategies and marketing mix decisions, and generate a unique business culture and organizational structure.  Study abroad is one very exciting way to begin to discover new approaches to the study of business while enhancing your professional and personal skills.

From short-term, faculty-led programs to full-year enrollment at a foreign university, there are plenty of opportunities to complete prerequisites, fulfill business core requirements, earn major credit, take General Education classes, or explore electives. Other possibilities include language study or undertaking an international internship in a foreign organization. Whatever you do, you will gain insight into the ways that different cultures and legal systems impact the way business is conducted around the world.